Irish Child Health Database - Peer Reviewed Papers
Database Search
Research provides a targeted and informative way of understanding issues of health
not well illustrated by routine information data sources. The peer review papers
of national and international journals are an important window on the character
of national research.
This study systematically reviewed the peer review published literature on Irish
Child Health from 2000 to 2008. Using a predefined set of keywords and search terms
over 5,500 journal articles were identified for further examination. Screening reduced the number of articles reporting on aspects of research on children to 3,229, of which 2,152 were individual research studies. Findings were mapped according to a range of characteristics which demonstrated important features observed from the studied papers:
- the nature of the research - study type;
- the topic area of interest;
- the demographic characteristics of the studied population and their geographical spread.
The major findings of the study are presented with regard to the aetiological (causal)
or descriptive nature of the work, the classifiable or themed health-related outcomes
and the types of studied populations - hospital-based, school-based or community-based.
Background, methods and findings are detailed in the study
report.
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Case Control Study
(Definition:)
Definition
Papers reporting observational epidemiological study of persons with the disease (or other outcome variable) of interest and a suitable control (comparison, reference) group of persons without the disease. The relationship of an attribution to the disease is examined by comparing the diseased and nondiseased with regard to how frequently the attribute is present or, if quantitative, the levels of the attribute, in each of the groups.
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Longitudinal Study
(Definition:)
Definition
The alternative terms for a cohort study, i.e., follow-up, longitudinal and prospective study, describes the essential feature of the method, and which reports observations of the population for a sufficient number of person-years to generate reliable incidence or mortality rates in the population subsets. This generally implies study of a large population, study for a prolonged period (years), or both.
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Cohort Study
(Definition:)
Definition
Papers reporting an analytic method of epidemiology study in which subsets of a defined population can be defined who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factory or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease other outcome. The main feature of cohort study is observation of large numbers over a long period (commonly years) with comparison of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. (syn: concurrent, follow-up, incidence, longitudinal, prospective study). For the purposes of this study, papers identified as cohort papers represent cohorts for which the data are not yet representative of longitude analysis. There are, in methodology, cross sectional in nature.
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Validation Study
(Definition:)
Definition
Papers reporting on a process involved in establishing that the method under examination is sound for the purpose for which it is being used.
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Intervention Study
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Definition
Papers reporting on investigations involving intentional change in some aspect of the status of the subjects, e.g., introduction of a preventive or therapeutic regimen or designed to test a hypothesized relationship
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Audit
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Definition
Audit papers, are papers which measure the extent of implementation of best practice as defined by research or expert opinion.
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Study assessing the practice and/or knowledge of targeted professional or parent
(Definition:)
Definition
Papers reporting studies grouped under this head reported on diseases, treatments or health care procedures experienced by children, where the knowledge, application of best practice guidelines, and/or practice norms, executed by health, and health related personal including teachers and parents, was examined
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A randomized controlled trial
(Definition:)
Definition
Papers reporting on an epidemiological experiment in which subjects in a population are randomly allocated into groups, usually called study and control groups, to receive or not to receive an experimental preventive or therapeutic procedure, maneuver, or intervention. The results are assessed by rigorous comparison of rates of disease, death, recovery, or other appropriate outcome in the study and control group, respectively.
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Screening Study
(Definition:)
Definition
The presumptive identification of unrecognized disease or defect by the application of tests, examinations or other procedures which can be applied rapidly. Screening tests are not diagnostic.
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Economic
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Definition
Studies which use, in some measure, a decision model incorporating cost, relative effectiveness and valuations of health statues (utilities) for different treatment models.
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Other study type - mainly related to the effectiveness of measuring tools
(Definition:)
Definition
Studies related to the effectiveness of measuring tools where a measure of sensitivity or specificity was not specifically expressed.
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A study of sensitivity and specificity of a measurement tool
(Definition:)
Definition
Papers which examine the sensitivity of specificity of a measurement tool. Sensitivity is the proportion of truly diseased (or positive) findings in a screened population. Sensitivity is a measure of the probability of correctly diagnosing a case, or the probability that any given case will be identified by the test. Specificity is the proportion of truly nondiseased (or negative) findings that are so identified by the screening test. It is a measure of the probability of correctly identifying a non-diseased person with a screening test.
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Comparison Study
(Definition:)
Definition
Papers reporting a group with which the index group is compared. Comparison undertaken in papers reported on in this study included, internal and external population group comparisons, over time and across geographical regions.
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Epidemiology - descriptive, incidence, prevalence and/or trends
(Definition:)
Definition
Papers reporting a specific statistical measure of disease occurrence – incidence, prevalence, or trends of these measures – or (of) other health related characteristics in human populations. General observations concerning the relationship of disease to basic characteristics such as age, sex, race, occupation and social class; also concerned with geographical location.
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Case Series Study
(Definition:)
Definition
Papers reporting a case series (or clinical series) observational medical research study that tracks patients with a known exposure given similar treatment or examines their medical records for exposure and outcome. Retrospective or prospective it usually involves a small number of patients. Case series may be consecutive or non-consecutive, depending on whether all cases presenting to the reporting authors over a period of time were included, or only a selection. They are frequently confounded by selection bias, limiting statements on the causality of correlations observed
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Case Study
(Definition:)
Definition
Papers reporting an intensive study of a single group, incident, or community. Rather than using samples and following a rigid protocol to examine limited number of variables, case study methods involve an in-depth, longitudinal examination of a single instance or event: a case. They provide a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the results. As a result the researcher may gain a sharpened understanding of why the instance happened as it did, and what might become important to look at more extensively in future research. Case studies lend themselves to both generating and testing hypotheses. It is a research strategy, an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context. Case study research means single and multiple case studies, can include quantitative evidence, relies on multiple sources of evidence and benefits from the prior development of theoretical propositions. Case studies should not be confused with qualitative research and they can be based on any mix of quantitative and qualitative evidence. Single-subject research provides the statistical framework for making inferences from quantitative case-study data. This is also supported and well-formulated in (Lamnek, 2005): "The case study is a research approach, situated between concrete data taking techniques and methodological paradigms."
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Surveillance Study
(Definition:)
Definition
Surveillance Studies are studies with ccontinuous analysis, interpretation, and feedback of systematically collected data, generally using methods distinguished by their practicality, uniformity, and rapidity rather than by accuracy or completeness.
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Cross Sectional Study
(Definition:)
Definition
(syn: disease frequency survey, prevalence study) Papers reporting a study that examines the relationship between disease (or other health-related characteristics) and other variables of interest as they exist in a defined population at one particular time. The presence or absence of disease and the presence or absence of the other variables (or, if they are quantitative, their level) are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. The relationship between a variable and the disease can be examined (1) in terms of the prevalence of disease in different population subgroups defined according to the presence or absence (or level) of the variables and (2) in terms of the presence or absence (or level) of the variables in the disease versus the nondiseased.
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Case Report Study
(Definition:)
Definition
Papers reporting a case report (in medicine), a detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. They contain a demographic profile of the patient, but usually describe an unusual or novel occurrence in one of the following categories
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Systematic Review
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Definition
Papers reporting a systematic literature review. A systematic review is one focused on a single question that tries to identify, appraise, select and synthesize all high quality research evidence relevant to that question
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Meta-analysis
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Papers reporting findings from a statistical analysis which combines the results of several studies that address a set of related research hypotheses
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Animal Study
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Papers reporting on studies and which were retrieved following the key search terms, where the primary research findings are based on animal studies and where the health of specific concern addressed children’s health
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Legal notes
(Definition:)
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Studies which address topic areas which have a civil law dimension
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Qualitative Study
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Definition
Papers reporting on observation or information characterized by measurement on a categorical scale, i.e., a dichotomous or nominal scale, or if the categories are ordered, an ordinal scale
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Study adopting an focus group approch
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Definition
Studies of qualitative research in which a group of people are asked about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs and attitudes towards a product, service, concept or idea.
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Study adopting an anthropology or ethnographic approach
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Papers reporting on'the study of humanity'.
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Discussion paper, review, commentary, letter
(Definition)
Definition:
Papers which do not report initial analysis on primary data, are grouped under this title including editorials, letters, subject specific reviews (but not Cochrane Systematic Reviews) overviews, commentaries, book reviews
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Abstract of conference proceedings
(Definition)
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Papers which reported studies in abstract form only, usually following conference presentation
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Erratum
(Definition)
Definition:
Papers with corrections on previously published studies, where the study answered the key search terms of this study